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Jumat, 15 Agustus 2014

Kumpulan puisi bahasa inggris

Posted by Unknown | Jumat, 15 Agustus 2014 | Category: | 0 komentar

Puisi merupakan curahan hati seseorang...Terkadang puisi itu dalam maknanya dan kadang pula puisi hanya sebatas goresan pena semata...Sobat yuuk cek kumpulan puiso bahasa inggis di sini...http://www.lokerpuisi.web.id/2014/01/puisi-bahasa-inggris.html Semoga puisi puisi ini dapat membantu kalian semua untuk membuat sebuah puisi yang lain ataupun sebagai referensi dalam mengerjakan tugas,,"Happy Learning"

Kumpulan tugas IT for teaching

Posted by Unknown | | Category: | 0 komentar

Dalam semester 6 di UNP kediri ada mata kuliah IT fro teaching,,Gunanya untuk membantu para mahasiswa mengaplikasikan teknologi dlam proses belajar mengajar,,Jadi siswa tidak monoton dalam proses belajar mengajar...Di sini saya akan mencoba berbagi file untuk tugas tugas IT selama semester 6,,Silahkan di klik linknya,,,https://app.box.com/s/5iqr5rzovbq96c5thrtj

Sabtu, 09 Agustus 2014

RESEARCH

Posted by Unknown | Sabtu, 09 Agustus 2014 | Category: | 0 komentar



RESEARCH
1.     MEANING OF RESEARCH

·        Root of the word












/ˈrēˌsərCH/
Noun
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Verb
Investigate systematically.

Synonyms
noun.  
investigation - exploration - search - study - inquiry

Verb 
explore - investigate - search - study – inquire

·        Etymology


Aristotle, 384 BC – 322 BC, - one of the early figures in the development of the scientific method.[3]
The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the Old French term "recerchier" a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search'. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
·        by Martyn Shuttleworth - "In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge."

·        by Creswell who states - "Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

·        The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as "a studious inquiry or examination; especially  : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws"

·        Research is a systematic, formal, rigorous and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts and relationships. (Waltz and Bausell, 1981).
·        Research is the process of looking for a specific answer to a specific question in an organized, objective, reliable way. (Payton, 1979).

·        Research is systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena. (Kerlinger, 1973).


·        Research is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment; the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem (Kothari, 2006).

So RESEARCH research is the systematic activity directed towards objectively investigating specific problems in order to discover the relationships between and among variables. It seeks to answer specific questions  
2. RESEARCH CARACTERISTICS
1.     Reliability is a subjective term which can not be measured precisely but today there are instruments which can estimate the reliability of any research. Reliability is the repeatability of any research, research instrument, tool or procedure. If any research yields similar results each time it is undertaken with similar population and with similar procedures, it is called to be a reliable research. Suppose a research is conducted on the effects of separation between parents on class performance of the children. If the results conclude that separation causes low grades in class, these results should have to be reliable for another sample taken from similar population. More the results are similar; more reliability is present in the research.
2.     Validity is the strength with which we can call a research conclusions, assumptions or propositions true or false. Validity determines the applicability of research . Validity of the research instrument can be defined as the suitability of the research instrument to the research problem or how accurately the instrument measures the problem. Some researchers say that validity and reliability are co-related but validity is much more important than reliability. Without validity research goes in the wrong direction. To keep the research on-track define your concepts in the best possible manner so that no error occur during measurement.
3.     Accuracy is also the degree to which each research process, instrument and tool is related to each other. Accuracy also measures whether research tools have been selected in best possible manner and research procedures suits the research problem or not. For example if a research has to be conducted on the trans-gender people, several data collection tools can be used depending on the research problems but if you find that population less cooperative the best way is to observe them rather than submitting questionnaire because in questionnaire either they will give biased responses or they will not return the questionnaires at all. So choosing the best data collection tool improves the accuracy of research.
4.     Credibility comes with the use of best source of information and best procedures in research. If you are using second-hand information in your research due to any reason your research might complete in less time but its credibility will be at stake because secondary data has been manipulated by human beings and is therefore not very valid to use in research. A certain percentage of secondary data can be used if primary source is not available but basing a research completely on secondary data when primary data can be gathered is least credible. When researcher give accurate references in research the credibility of research increases but fake references also decrease the credibility of research.
5.     Generalizability is the extent to which a research findings can be applied to larger population. When a researcher conducts a study he/she chooses a target population and from this population he takes a small sample to conduct the research. This sample is representative of the whole population so the findings should also be. If research findings can be applied to any sample from the population, the results of the research are said to be generalizable.
6.     Empirical nature of research means that the research has been conducted following rigorous scientific methods and procedures. Each step in the research has been tested for accuracy and is based on real life experiences. Quantitative research is more easy to prove scientifically than qualitative research. In qualitative research biases and prejudice are easy to occur.
7.     Systematic approach is the only approach for research. No research can be conducted haphazardly. Each step must follow other. There are set of procedures that have been tested over a period of time and are thus suitable to use in research. Each research therefore should follow a procedure.
8.     Controlled-in real life experience there are many factors that effect an outcome. A single event is often result of several factors. When similar event is tested in research, due to the broader nature of factors that effect that event, some factors are taken as controlled factors while others are tested for possible effect. The controlled factors or variables should have to be controlled rigorously. In pure sciences it is very easy to control such elements because experiments are conducted in laboratory but in social sciences it becomes difficult to control these factors because of the nature of research.
3.     THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

·        The main purpose and role of research is to help plan and gather information on a certain topic before carrying it out .It helps to test and create a theory on a certain thing and with the information given this helps to gather to generate a topic to find out more on. By carrying out research this helps to gather and explore more into a certain topic which helps to backup your opinions with the findings.

·        The purpose of research is also to gather a detail of a certain topic which can help after to understand more about the topic that has been searched. By researching about something before carrying it out put a purpose in carrying out the topic and helps to put a meaning to what is being carried out. Research is to use it to explain why something is occurring. Most often this means identifying and explaining a certain thing in more detail and giving a overall explanation to what it is.


·        By researching you are able to backup and give others views and opinions in order to help to justify your findings.

·        Research also helps to monitor something before carrying it out example an activity in a childcare setting research helps to identify how the activity can help children ,what use the activity will come to how the activity may have an effect on others and this helps you to investigate more before carrying out something


·        Research also helps to discover new things by gathering and looking out for what others around have done this can helps in childcare setting as it helps to learn from others and allows developing on your learning.

·        Research helps to test a hypothesis or theory by looking up on what others may say and statistic that are given can strengthen and weaken your hypothesis by the information that your may have gathered


4.     THE BENEFIT OF RESEARCH

·        Finding and understand raw data and information
·        Formulating informed opinions through study of research finding
·        Entering the discourse,or conversation,of other writers and scolars in your field
·        Learning how other in your field use primary and secondary resources

Research expands and arguments your experiences and knowledge,providing a broader base for thinking ang writing.It enablesyou to become an epert in areas not directly related to your everyday life.When you engage in research,you build valuable critical skills that serveyou in other areas of life.You learn to ask probing and thoughtful question,gather and interpret data,read critically,from intelligent opinions,and manage and undrestand conflicting information.As you do research in your choosen specialization,you become an expert in that area.In addition,when you write about your discoveries,others come to respect your knowledge and value your opinion.

5.     STEPS AND PROCESS OF RESEARCH
The research process consists of a number of closely related activities necessary to effectively carry out research. The activities overlap continuously and are not mutually exclusive events. They do not necessarily follow each other in any specific order. The order presented here is only a useful procedural guide of the research process. In the following section, a brief mention is given of what each stage in the research process entails. Detailed discussion of each stage will be presented in other sections.
1.     Identify and formulating the research problems
This involves the identification of a general topic and formulating it into a specific research problem. It requires thorough understanding of the problem and rephrasing it in meaningful terms from an analytical point of view.
Types of Research Projects
·         those that relate to states of nature
·         those which relate to relationships between variables
In understanding the problem, it is helpful to discuss it with colleagues or experts in the field. It is also necessary to examine conceptual and empirical literature on the subject. After the literature review, the researcher is able to focus on the problem and phrase it in analytical or operational terms. The task of defining the research problem is of greatest importance in the entire research process. Being able to define the problem unambiguously helps the researcher in discriminating relevant data from irrelevant ones.

2.     Extensive literature review
Review of literature is a systematic process that requires careful and perceptive reading and attention to detail. In the review of the literature, the researcher attempts to determine what others have learned about similar research problems. It is important in the following ways:
·         specifically limiting and identifying the research problem and possible hypothesis or research questions i.e. sharpening the focus of the research.
·         informing the researcher of what has already been done in the area. This helps to avoid exact duplication.
“If one had the literature and exercised enough patience and industry in reviewing available literature, it may well be that his problem has already been solved by someone somewhere some time ago and he will save himself the trouble.” Nwana (1982).
·         Providing insights into possible research designs and methods of conducting the research and interpreting the results.
·         Providing suggestions for possible modifications in the research to avoid unanticipated difficulties.
The library is the most likely physical location for the research literature. Within the library there is access to books, periodicals, technical reports and academic theses. Other sources are the Education Index and the Educational Resources information centre (ERIC). Computer-assisted searchers of literature have become very common today. They have the advantage of comprehensiveness and speed. They are also very cost-effective in terms of time and effort although access to some of the databases requires payment. Irrespective of the sources of the literature, ethics of research require that the source is acknowledged through a clear system of referencing.

3.     Developing the hypothesis, objectives or research questions
A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. It provides a focal point for the research. It also affects the manner in which tests must be conducted in the analysis of data. Hypotheses are based on discussions, examination of records, and review of similar studies or personal investigations. Occasionally there may not be need to have a working hypothesis. This is the case especially in exploratory of formulative research which does not aim at testing a hypothesis. In such cases it is usual to work with specific objectives or research questions.

4.     Preparing the research design
A research design is the conceptual framework within which the research will be conducted. Some scholars have called it the blue print of the research. The research design is meant to ensure efficiency of the research project. It ensures collection of relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. The design used is dependent upon the purpose or objectives of the research. Research may be done for exploration, description, diagnosis or experimentation. Preparation of a research design is influenced by the following factors:
·         means of obtaining the information
·         skills of the research personnel
·         time available for the research
·         resources available to the researcher
·         size of the sample
The major types of research designs include the randomized or true experiment, quasi-experiment and non-experiment. A more detailed discussion of designs will be done at a later stage. For now it should suffice to say that the design is used to structure the research; to show how all the major parts of the research project - the samples or groups, measures, treatments, methods of assignment - work together to address the central research question.
5.     Determining the sample
An inquiry in which the entire population under study is considered is referred to as a census inquiry. ‘Population’ here refers to all the members or items under consideration. Very often it is not possible to study the entire population due to considerations of cost, time, energy, volume of data etc. In such cases the researcher often resorts to sampling. A sample is that part of a population that is actually considered in a study. Effort should be made to ensure that the sample is not biased and is as representative of the population as possible. Sampling designs are used for this purpose. Samples can either be probability or non-probability samples.
6.     Collection of data
This is the stage where appropriate information for answering the research question is collected. The researcher should select the most appropriate methods of collecting data and the required data collection tools. This calls for consideration of the nature of the investigation, the respondents, objectives and scope of the inquiry, resources available, time and the desired degree of accuracy
7.     Analysis and interpretation of data
Analysis of data involves the application of raw data into categories through coding and tabulation. The unwieldy data is condensed into manageable categories for further analysis. The researcher attempts to classify the raw data into some purposeful and usable categories. In coding, the categories of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted. Use of computers is helpful especially when dealing with large amounts of data. Analysis work after tabulation is usually based on computation of various statistical measures. Data entry and analysis software such as SPSS, EPI info, Excel and Access are helpful at this stage. In analysis, relationships or differences that support or conflict the original hypothesis are subjected to tests of significance to determine the validity with which conclusions can be made. If there are no hypotheses, the researcher seeks to explain the findings.

THE PROCESS RESEARCH:
Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:
1.     Observations and Formation of the topic: Consists of the subject area of ones interest and following that subject area to conduct subject related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic.
2.     Hypothesis: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables.
3.     Conceptual definition: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts.
4.     Operational definition: Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study.
5.     Gathering of data: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from and/or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable.
6.     Analysis of data: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data in order to draw conclusions about it.
7.     Data Interpretation: This can be represented through tables, figures and pictures, and then described in words.

6.     TYPE OF RESEARCH



a.Research methood

·         Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or question.
·         Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.
b. Classification on the nature of the dominant data
·        Qualitative research deals with designs techniques and measure that do not produce discrete numerical data. It involves extensive narrative data in order to gains insights into phenomena. Data analysis includes the coding of the data and production of verbal synthesis (inductive process). Examples include historical research, ethnographic research, participant observational research and the case study.
·         Quantitative research includes designs, techniques and measures that produce discrete numerical or quantifiable data. Data analysis is mainly statistical (deductive process).
It is characterized by:
·         causal-comparative
·         correlational
·         experimental
·         descriptive research
c. The purpose of the research
·        Basic research (also called fundamental or pure research) is mainly concerned with generalizations and the formulation of theory. It is driven by curiosity or interest in a subject. The main motivation is to expand man’s knowledge, not to create or invent something. Many scientists believe that basic research lays the foundation for the applied research that follows.
·        Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the society. It can be argued that the goal of applied research is to improve the human condition. An example of applied research could be a study to find out how the school feeding programme has affected school enrolment rates in drought-prone districts.
Applied research is increasingly gaining favour as it is helps to address the problems facing the world today such as overpopulation, pollution, depletion of natural resources, drought, floods, declining moral standards and disease. Action research is a unique form of applied research. It is a reflective process of progressive problem solving. It is also called "practitioner research" because of the involvement of the actual practitioner in real life. Action implies that the practitioner is involved in the collection of data, analysis, and the interpretation of results. He or she is also involved in implementing results of the research and is thus well placed to judge the effectiveness of the interventions.
 d. The type of analysis that will be carried out
·        Descriptive research attempts to determine, describe, or identify what is. It uses description, classification, measurement and comparison to describe a situation. The main characteristic is that the researcher has no control over the variables. He only reports the situation as it is at the time. The term ex-post facto is usually used for descriptive research studies in social sciences. The survey method is commonly used in descriptive research.
·        Analytical research attempts to explain why and how. It usually concerns itself with cause–effect relationships among variables. The researcher attempts to analyze the situation and make critical evaluation
e. Educational research
·        Psychological; e.g. learning theories, factors that affect learning, remembering and forgetting, motivation, maturation, growth and development etc.
·        Philosophical e.g. worthiness of education, educational aims, moral judgements, methods of reasoning, meaning, nature and sources of knowledge etc.
·        Evaluation e.g. continuous assessment, test instruments, examinations, item analysis, students’ report cards, curriculum evaluation etc.
·        Curriculum content e.g. the choice of school subjects, factors affecting choice of curriculum content, curriculum organization, curriculum implementation etc.
·        Methodological e.g. methods of teaching, teacher effectiveness, instructional resources, teaching practice, micro-teaching etc.
·        Administrative e.g. school financing, discipline, school records, classroom management, leadership styles, recruitment and deployment of staff etc.
·        Sociological e.g. school-community relations, teacher-pupil relations, interpersonal relations within the school, classroom behavior of students, students’ unrest, cultism etc.
·        Historical e.g. history of institutions, progarmmes, places or persons of educational interest

Why any quantitative and qualitative research?
It is important to be able to identify and understand the research aproach underlying any given study because the selection of a research approach influences the questions asked the methods chosen , the statistical analyses used , the inferences made and the uktimate goal of the research .